China’s Zhongshan Gunboat – a splendid restoration
I was in Singapore in Obtober 2014 and on my way from the airport to my hotel I saw a large banner-like announcement for an exhibition entitled “The Zhongshan Warship and its Treasures”. I had not previously heard of this vessel but I was very keen to learn more. I found it of great interest and in this blog I’d like to share something of it.
The exhibition – which was due to continue in Singapore until April 2015 – was organised by the Zhongshan Warship Museum of Wuhan, China, and held in the Sun Yat Sen Nanyang Memorial Hall. This is housed in what was the residence of one of Singapore’s most successful merchants and philanthropists in the late 19th and early 20th Century. Should you be visiting Singapore it is well worth visiting this splendid museum even should the Zhongshan exhibition be finished. The museum covers not only the life of Sun Yat Sen (1866-1925), the revolutionary who brought about the fall of the Manchu (Qing) Dynasty in 1911 and who created the Chinese Republic that followed, but it also tells the story of the rise of the great Chinese business empires centred on Singapore. Sun’s story is dramatic in the extreme and I was not previously aware just what a large role was played in the revolution by the Overseas Chinese communities as regards funding and provision of support for political exiles and activists. The museum is splendidly housed and the organisation and range of exhibits make it a model of its kind.
The splendid Sun Yat Sen Nanyang Memorial Hall, Singapore
The presence of the Zhongshan exhibition at the museum is explained by the fact that the vessel, named after Sun Yat Sen (whose name in Mandarin is Sun Zhongshan), was strongly associated with him, as well as with a number of other significant events in the years 1911-1937.
Initially called the Yongfen, the Zhongshan was one of two gunboats ordered by the Qing Imperial Government in 1910. They were built at the Mitsubishi yard at Nagasaki and their specifications were as follow:
Displacement: 830 Tons
Dimensions: 205 ft. long, 29.5 ft. beam and 15.3 ft. draught
Crew: 108-140
Armament: 1 X 105 mm at bow, 4 X 47 mm along sides, 1X 40 mm at stern
2 X 39 mm Anti-Aircraft weapons added in 1920s/30s
Machinery: 1350 hp triple expansion, twin screws, max speed 13.5 knots.
Zhongshan, as seen in the 1920s or 30s
The design was well suited to operation either in coastal waters, or on China’s vast inland river system. By the time the Yongfen and her sister Yonhsiang were delivered the Imperial Government had fallen. The new republic was to face many challenges, not least an attempt by in 1915-16 by the first president, Yuan Shih Kai (1859-1916) to proclaim himself emperor. Sun Yat Sen was a major force in frustrating this attempt. In the “Warlord Period” which followed, in which central authority was challenged by local strongmen who controlled vast areas with their private armies, naval units allied themselves with the “Constitution Protection Movement” which was pledged to defend the republic.
Sun Yat Sen and his wife, with crew, in 1922, when the Yongfen was his refuge
In 1922 during further internal strife, Sun Yat Sen, who was still actively attempting to unify the country, escaped danger by taking refuge on the Yongfen for a period of 55 days. This included running past the forts on the Pearl River, close to Guangdong (Canton), which were controlled by the warlord Chen Jiong Ming (1878-1933) with both Sun, and his protégée Chaiang Kai Shek on board. It was to commemorate this that the vessel was renamed Zhongshan.
Under its new name the gunboat continued to have an active career, which included coastal operations against pirates. In 1937 however, when Japan invaded China (in what was essentially the opening of WW2, though few in the west wanted to recognise this at the time) she was deployed in the Yangtze River to oppose the Japanese advance westwards from Shanghai. On October 24th , near Wuhan, she was attacked and sunk by six Japanese aircraft, the captain and 20 of the crew being killed.
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| Surfacing for first time in 60 years | As displayed in China today |
Zhongshan refloated in 1997 – and in remarkably good condition
The wreck was to lie undisturbed until 1996 when it was resolved to raise and refurbish her as a memorial to Sun. The hull appears to have been in remarkably good condition and after an eight-man diving team removed some 1500 tons of silt from her it was possible to raise her, between two barges, in February 1997. The hull was transported thereafter by means of a floating drydock and it was winched on to a slipway for work to proceed. The photographs below give and idea of the very comprehensive work involved. The restored vessel is now on display in a custom-built viewing hall.
Restoration work in progress on the slipway
Completely restored hull en-route to the display hall near Wuhan
Zhongshan being moved into display hall
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The Zhongshan as currently displayed
The exhibition in Singaporecovered all aspects of the vessel’s history and operation. There was a splendid 1:50 model and a large display of artefacts recovered in good condition from the silt, which probably acted as a preservative. Seen together they presented a poignant view of what life would have been on board the Zhongshan as she patrolled the Chinese coast and penetrated deep into the interior on the country’s massive rivers.
1:50 model on display at exhibition
For me the exhibition proved an unexpected joy. Due to the lighting however, and the fact that I had only a mobile ‘phone with me, and not a proper camera, the photographs I took of the model are therefore hazy. I have also taken the liberty of scanning photographs from the splendid exhibition guide and hope that by doing so I have not infringed copyright. I trust that my thanks to the Zhongshan Warship Museum and to the staff in Singapore, as well as my desire to share the pleasures of the exhibition with readers who cannot visit it in reality, may compensate for this.