The Wreck of HMS Wasp 1884
Though it is likely that many in her crew disliked the task assigned them it is fair to say that the mission on which HMS Wasp was engaged at the time of her loss was one of the most inglorious ever undertaken by the Royal Navy.
HMS Wasp – looking pristine, probably shortly after commissioning
Built in the 1880-82 period, the Wasp was one of the 11-strong Banterer Class of gunboats. They were of composite construction, based on an iron frame but planked with wood, thus facilitating fitting of anti-fouling coppering. This was an important, if not to say essential, feature for ships which were to see considerable colonial and tropical service. They were 125 feet long, and displaced 465 tons. The a single-screw 360 HP compound steam engine gave a top speed of a mere 9.5 knots but for the sort of service such vessels were intended endurance was a more important consideration than speed. A barquentine rig was carried on three masts to supplement the engine, or indeed to replace it on long voyages to conserve coal. For their size these vessels carried a heavy armament – two 6-inch 64-pounder muzzle-loading rifles, supplemented by two 4-inch breech-loaders as well as small-calibre Maxims, Gardners or Gatlings. The unsophisticated 6-inch weapons, were effective enough for shore bombardment and the vessel’s small size and sailing ability made them useful for colonial duties, for which armour was not required. The crew consisted of 60 officers and men. This is an indication of just how many men were employed in the Navy at this time – this single class of small gunboats alone required almost 700 man to man them.
After commissioning HMS Wasp was based at based in Queenstown (now Cobh), County Cork, in the South of Ireland. Her duties appear to have fishery and lighthouse inspections or other official duties around the entire Irish coast. These were difficult and bitter years in Ireland, where the long and often violent social unrest known as the “Land War” was raging. Small tenant farmers were at last confronting the landlords – almost exclusively Anglo-Irish and different from them in religion and political affiliation – on issues of tenure and fair rent and were demanding distribution of land to them. Particular bitterness was felt towards absentee landlords who lived well elsewhere on the rents and who ploughed little back into the betterment of local society. Though the overall poverty of the country was not as extreme as in the Great Famine period of the 1840s life was still miserably deprived for many in the rural population. A poor harvest could mean inability to pay rent and such failure frequently resulted in eviction of entire families, followed by demolition by battering ram of the dwelling to prevent its further occupation. Such evictions saw deployment of armed police and, on occasion, military, to protect the bailiffs and demolition gangs – photographs of such occasions are heartrending in their pathos. Families thrown on the roadside were reduced to the level of paupers or, if they could, tried to emigrate, the United States being the preferred destination. Feelings ran high and there was a high level of violence on both sides. It was in this period that the “Boycott” weapon came to have its present meaning since the process was named from action used against a Captain Boycott, the agent of a particularly unpopular landlord.
Demolition of tenant’s house by battering ram following eviction in the 1880s
(Note that the tenants attempted to defend themselves by stuffing gorse in the windows as a primitive alternative to barbed wire)
A landlord or his agent overseeing eviction. Note the lady on the right
Poverty was possibly at its worst on the small islands off the North and West Coasts. The most extreme case was perhaps Inishtrahull, a tiny speck which is the most northerly island of all and is today, six miles from the mainland, the most northerly point in the Irish Republic. Though uninhabited now, the last residents having left in 1929, the island supported several families in the 1880s as well as a lighthouse.
Inishtrahull – Ireland’s most northerly point
(Photograph by author Kevin Dwyer http://blog.discoverireland.com/2010/09/the-joys-of-aerial-photography-over-ireland/)
Given that the island’s area is only 0.13 square miles (0.34 square kilometres) it is hard to imagine how the islanders eked out an existence or how anybody, even a landlord of the time, could have felt comfortable for charging them rent for living there. Hunger must always have been a threat and indeed the food situation was so bad that in 1883 the Wasp was sent to the island, and perhaps to others, to bring potatoes apparently donated by the Society of Friends.
A Donegal homestead in this period – conditions on Inishtrahull were probably similar
Difficult as life on Inishtrahull may have been rent still had to be paid – basic humanity not always being a characteristic of the landlord class. In September 1884 three families on Inishtrahull were unable – or perhaps unwilling – to pay their rents and an example had to be made of them. HMS Wasp, then at Westport on the West Coast, and under the command of the 39-year old Lieutenant J D Nicholls, was accordingly ordered to Moville, the mainland village closest to the island. Here she was to take on board the bailiffs, police and other officials who would carry out the evictions. One can well imagine distaste among many of the crew for this task, but orders were orders.
HMS Wasp under Sail
In the early hours of September 22nd the Wasp was following a course that took her between the north-west coast of Donegal and the rocky-coast of Tory Island, nine miles offshore. The vessel was under sail only, and the boiler was not fired, so that the advantage of improved manoeuvrability steam would provide should she to come into difficulty was not available. Given this fact it was surprising that the Wasp would have followed the course that took her inside Tory Island, rather than gaining greater sea room should she to sail west of it. It also appears that Nicholls and other officers were sleeping.
HMS Wasp on the rocks beneath the Tory Island lighthouse
At 0345 the Wasp collided with rocks directly under the Tory lighthouse and sank within 30 minutes with the loss of fifty of the crew, leaving only six survivors. Only the mastheads were left protruding from the water and it was to these that the survivors clung. They were rescued by the islanders and sheltered until they could be picked up four days later by another ship assigned to Irish duty, HMS Valiant, which took them to the mainland. Valiant was a large Hector-class armoured frigate of 7000 tons, this class being smaller versions of HMS Warrior, which can be seen in Portsmouth today. A monument was later erected in the churchyard of St. Ann’s, Church of Ireland Church, Killult, on the mainland coast opposite Tory Island, where some of the sailors are buried.
A Royal Navy enquiry subsequently found that HMS Wasp was lost “in consequence of the want of due care and attention…” but no one person was singled out for blame, possibly in view of the deaths of the officers. Apart from the questions raised about what was happening on board the Wasp, much debate since has focused on whether the Tory light was on or off before the vessel struck the rocks. What is known is that the light was certainly on after the collision. However, the question remains – was the light on when the Wasp was nearing Tory? Did animosity towards the Wasp and the duties it was sometimes involved in cause the light to have been extinguished in the period when the ship was passing through the channel between island and mainland?
Tory Island today – showing the rocks where HMS Wasp ran aground
(Photograph by author Kevin Dwyer http://blog.discoverireland.com/2010/09/the-joys-of-aerial-photography-over-ireland/
Another less likely explanation, but one which became popular in the area, and has apparently persisted ever since, is that the Wasp was the victim of a curse laid on it via “Cursing Stones” on the island, Neolithic remains involving individual stones resting in a larger cup-shaped one. Of all the speculative explanations of the tragedy this can most easily be ruled out!